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(be a member of political party)

Толкование Перевод

1 political party

политическая партия

party man — член партии

party chief — лидер партии

party member — член партии

party rules — устав партии

party leader — лидер партии

English-Russian big medical dictionary > political party
2 opposition political party

оппозиционная политическая партия

party man — член партии

party chief — лидер партии

party member — член партии

party rules — устав партии

party leader — лидер партии

English-Russian big medical dictionary > opposition political party
3 member

member ['membə(r)]

1 noun

(a) (of club, union, political party etc) membre m, adhérent(e) m,f;

∎ to become a member of a club/society devenir membre d'un club/d'une association;

∎ he became a member of the party in 1995 il a adhéré au parti en 1995

(b) (of group, family, class) membre m;

∎ to be a member of the family faire partie de la famille;

∎ it's a member of the cat family il fait partie de ou il appartient à la famille des félins;

∎ a member of the opposite sex une personne du sexe opposé;

∎ a member of the audience un spectateur;

∎ a member of the public un membre du public

(c) Architecture membre m

(d) Mathematics membre m

(e) Anatomy membre m;

∎ (male) member membre m (viril)

2 Member noun

∎ (of legislative body) the Member (of Parliament) for Oxford le député d'Oxford

►► American Finance member bank banque f membre de la Réserve fédérale;

Member of Congress membre m du Congrès;

member country pays m membre;

Stock Exchange member firm société f membre;

Member of the House of Representatives membre m de la Chambre des représentants;

Member of Parliament membre m de la Chambre des communes, ≃ député(e) m,f;

Member of the Scottish Parliament député(e) m,f du parlement écossais;

member state État m membre

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > member
4 party

party

A n

1 ( social event) fête f ; ( in evening) soirée f ; ( formal) réception f ; birthday party (fête d')anniversaire m ; children's party goûter m d'enfants ; leaving party pot ○ m de départ ; to give ou have a party for sb organiser une fête pour qn ; I'm having a party je fais une fête ;

2 ( group) groupe m ; Mil détachement m ; a party of tourists/children un groupe de touristes/d'enfants ; reconnaissance party Mil détachement m de reconnaissance ; rescue party équipe f de secouristes ;

3 Pol parti m ; political party parti m politique ; the Party le Parti (Communiste) ;

4 Jur (individual, group) partie f ; a solution acceptable to both/all parties une solution acceptable pour les deux parties/toutes les parties ; to be a party to a contract/treaty être partie prenante dans un contrat/traité ; a party to the suit Jur une personne en cause ; innocent party innocent/-e m/f ;

5 sout ( participant) to be a party to être complice de [crime] ; I won't be party to any violence je ne me ferai complice d'aucune violence ;

6 ○ † hum ( person) individu m.

B modif

1 [atmosphere, spirit] de fête ; [game] de société ;

2 Pol [activist, conference, loyalty, meeting, member, policy] du parti ; the party faithful les fidèles du parti.

C ○ vi faire la fête.

Big English-French dictionary > party
5 party

plural - parties; noun

1) (a meeting of guests for entertainment, celebration etc: a birthday party; She's giving/having a party tonight; (also adjective) a party dress.) fiesta, reunión

2) (a group of people with a particular purpose: a party of tourists.) grupo

3) (a group of people with the same ideas and purposes, especially political: a political party.) partido

party n

1. fiesta

a Christmas party una fiesta de Navidad

2. grupo

a party of tourists un grupo de turistas

3. partido

a political party un partido político

El plural de party se escribe parties

party

tr['pɑːtɪ]

noun (pl parties)

1 (celebration) fiesta

■ birthday party fiesta de cumpleaños

2 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL partido

3 (group) grupo

■ a party of schoolchildren un grupo de escolares

4 SMALLLAW/SMALL parte nombre femenino, interesado,-a

adjective

1 (dress) de fiesta; (mood, atmosphere) festivo,-a

2 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (member, leader) del partido

intransitive verb (pt & pp partied, ger partying)

1 (go to parties) ir a fiestas; (have fun) divertirse

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be party to a crime ser cómplice de un delito

to be party to something hacerse cómplice de algo

guilty party el/la culpable

innocent party el/la inocente

party line (on telephone) línea compartida 2 (in politics) línea del partido

party politics política de partido

party political broadcast emisión nombre femenino de propaganda política, espacio de propaganda electoral

party spirit (party mood) espíritu nombre masculino festivo 2 (loyalty) partidismo

party piece numerito

party wall pared nombre femenino medianera

party ['pɑrt̬i] n, pl - ties

1) : partido m (político)

2) participant: parte f, participante mf

3) group: grupo m (de personas)

4) gathering: fiesta f

to throw a party: dar una fiesta

party

adj.

• de gala adj.

• de partido adj.

n.

• banda s.f.

• bandería s.f.

• bando s.m.

• fiesta s.f.

• garufa s.f.

• guateque s.m.

• pandilla s.f.

• parranda s.f.

• partido (Gobierno) s.m.

• reunión s.f.

• sarao s.m.

• tertulia s.f.

I 'pɑːrti, 'pɑːti
noun

1) ( event) fiesta f

I was invited to a tea/dinner party — me invitaron a un té/a una cena

to have o (colloq) throw a party — dar* or hacer* una fiesta; (before n) < mood> festivo; < game> de salón; < dress> de fiesta

2) ( Pol) partido m; (before n) <member, leader> del partido

party politics — política f de partido; (pej) partidismo m

3) ( group) grupo m; ( in hunting) partida f

4) ( person or body involved) parte f

a third party — un tercero

all parties concerned — todos los interesados

the guilty/innocent party — el culpable/inocente

to be (a) party to a crime — ser* cómplice de un crimen

II

intransitive verb (esp AmE colloq) ( go to parties) ir* a fiestas; ( have fun) divertirse*

let's party! — vámonos de juerga! (fam)

['pɑːtɪ]
1. N

1) (=celebration) fiesta f

• to give or have or throw a party — dar or frm ofrecer una fiesta

- the party's over
house 3.
2) (Pol) partido m

• to join a party — afiliarse a un partido, hacerse miembro de un partido

3) (=group) grupo m

a party of tourists — un grupo de turistas

we were only a small party — éramos pocos, éramos un grupo pequeño

4) (in dispute, contract) parte f

the parties concerned — los interesados, las partes interesadas

• the guilty/ injured/ innocent party — la parte culpable/perjudicada/inocente

• to be (a) party to sth, I will not be a party to any violence — no me voy a prestar a la violencia

to be (a) party to an agreement — ser parte en un acuerdo

to be (a) party to a crime — ser cómplice en un delito

the parties to a dispute — las partes involucradas en una querella
third 4., warring
2.

VI * (=go to parties) ir a fiestas; (=have a good time) irse de juerga *, irse de marcha (Sp) *

let's party! — ¡vámonos de juerga! *, ¡vámonos de marcha! (Sp) *

where shall we party tonight? — ¿a qué fiesta vamos esta noche?

3.

CPD

party animal N — fiestero(-a) m / f, juerguista mf

party dress N — vestido m de fiesta

party food N — (=nibbles) canapés mpl

party game N — (for children) juego m de fiestas; (for adults) juego m de sociedad

party hat N — sombrero m de fiesta, gorro m de fiesta

party line N — (Telec) línea f compartida

the party line — (Pol) la línea del partido

party member N — miembro m del partido

party mood N — (=mood for enjoying o.s.) ganas fpl de fiesta

• to be in the party mood — tener ganas de fiesta

party music N — música f de fiesta

party official N — (Pol) funcionario(-a) m / f de partido

party piece N — numerito m (de fiesta) *

to do one's party piece — hacer su numerito *

party politics NPL — (gen) política fsing de partido; pej partidismo msing pej, politiqueo msing pej

party pooper * N — aguafiestas mf inv

party spirit N — espíritu m festivo

we entered into the party spirit — nos empezó a entrar el espíritu festivo

party time N —

• it's party time! — ¡es hora de fiesta!

party trick N — truco m

party wall N — pared f medianera

* * *

I ['pɑːrti, 'pɑːti]
noun

1) ( event) fiesta f

I was invited to a tea/dinner party — me invitaron a un té/a una cena

to have o (colloq) throw a party — dar* or hacer* una fiesta; (before n) < mood> festivo; < game> de salón; < dress> de fiesta

2) ( Pol) partido m; (before n) <member, leader> del partido

party politics — política f de partido; (pej) partidismo m

3) ( group) grupo m; ( in hunting) partida f

4) ( person or body involved) parte f

a third party — un tercero

all parties concerned — todos los interesados

the guilty/innocent party — el culpable/inocente

to be (a) party to a crime — ser* cómplice de un crimen

II

intransitive verb (esp AmE colloq) ( go to parties) ir* a fiestas; ( have fun) divertirse*

let's party! — vámonos de juerga! (fam)

English-spanish dictionary > party
6 party

noun

1) (group united in a cause etc.; Polit., Law) Partei, die; attrib. Partei[apparat, -versammlung, -mitglied, -politik, -politiker usw.]

opposing party — Gegenpartei, die

2) (group) Gruppe, die

a party of tourists — eine Touristengruppe

3) (social gathering) Party, die; Fete, die (ugs.); (more formal) Gesellschaft, die

office party — Betriebsfest, das

throw a party — (coll.) eine Party schmeißen (ugs.)

4) (participant) Beteiligte, der/die

be [a] party in or to something — sich an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen

parties to an agreement/a dispute — Parteien bei einem Abkommen/streitende Parteien; see also academic.ru/74615/third_party">third party

* * *

plural - parties; noun

1) (a meeting of guests for entertainment, celebration etc: a birthday party; She's giving/having a party tonight; ( also adjective) a party dress.) die Party; Party-...

2) (a group of people with a particular purpose: a party of tourists.) die Gruppe

3) (a group of people with the same ideas and purposes, especially political: a political party.) die Partei

* * *

par·ty

[ˈpɑ:ti, AM ˈpɑ:rt̬i]

I. n

1. (celebration) Party f, Feier f

all-night \party Party f bis zum frühen Morgen

to have [or give] [or throw] a \party eine Party geben

2. + sing/pl vb POL Partei f

opposition \party Oppositionspartei f

the \party in power die regierende Partei

working \party Arbeitsausschuss m

3. + sing/pl vb (group) [Reise]gruppe f

coach \party Gruppe f von Busreisenden

royal \party Gruppe f von Mitgliedern des Königshauses

school \party Schülergruppe f

fishing \party Gruppe f von Anglern

search \party Suchtrupp m

4. (person involved) Partei f

the guilty \party die schuldige Partei

third \party Dritter m, dritte Person

to be [a] \party to an arrangement etw von einer Abmachung wissen

to be [a] \party to a secret in ein Geheimnis eingeweiht sein

to be [a] \party to a crime LAW an einem Verbrechen beteiligt sein

5. ( fam: person) Person f

II. n modifier

1. (of a party) Party-

\party balloons Luftballons pl

\party spirit Partylaune f, Partystimmung f

\party snack Partysnack m, [Party]häppchen nt

2. POL Partei-

\party donation Parteispende f

\party affiliations Parteizugehörigkeit f

\party candidate Kandidat(in) m(f) einer Partei

\party convention Parteiversammlung f

Democratic P\party Convention Versammlung f der Demokraten

the \party faithful die [treuen] Parteianhänger pl

III. vi

<- ie->

( fam) feiern

* * *
['pAːtɪ]
1. n

1) (POL) Partei f

to be a member of the party — Parteimitglied sein, in der Partei sein (inf)

2) (= group) Gruppe f, Gesellschaft f; (MIL) Kommando nt, Trupp m

a party of tourists — eine Reisegesellschaft

we were a party of five — wir waren zu fünft

I was one of the party — ich war dabei

to join sb's party — sich jdm anschließen

3) (= celebration) Party f, Fete f (inf); (more formal) Gesellschaft f

a party — eine Party geben or machen or schmeißen (inf)

at the party — auf der Party; (more formal) bei der Gesellschaft

what does he bring to the party? (fig) — was steuert er bei?

4) (JUR fig) Partei f

a third party — ein Dritter m

the third party — der Dritte

the parties to a dispute — die streitenden Parteien

to be a party to an agreement — einer Übereinkunft (dat) zustimmen

to be a party to a crime — an einem Verbrechen beteiligt sein

were you a party to this? — waren Sie daran beteiligt?

5) (inf

= person) a party by the name of Johnson — ein gewisser Johnson

2. vi (inf)
feiern, eine Party machen
let's party tonight (US) — heute Abend machen wir einen drauf (inf)

* * *

party [ˈpɑː(r)tı]

A s

1. POL Partei f:

within the party innerparteilich, parteiintern;

discipline within the party Parteidisziplin f;

two-party system Zweiparteiensystem n

2. Trupp m:

a) MIL Abteilung f, Kommando n

b) (Arbeits-) Gruppe f

c) (Rettungs- etc) Mannschaft f:

my party bes US sl meine Leute

3. Partie f, Gesellschaft f:

hunting party;

a party of mountaineers eine Gruppe von Bergsteigern;

we were a party of three wir waren zu dritt;

make one of the party sich anschließen, mitmachen, dabei sein

4. Einladung f, Gesellschaft f, Party f:

give a party;

at a party auf einer Gesellschaft oder Party;

the party is over! fig die schönen Tage sind vorüber!;

it’s your party! US umg das ist dein Bier!

5. JUR (Prozess- etc) Partei f:

contracting party, party to a contract Vertragspartei, Kontrahent(in); → third party 1

6. Teilnehmer(in) ( auch TEL), Beteiligte(r) m/f(m):

be a party to sth an einer Sache beteiligt sein, etwas mitmachen, mit etwas zu tun haben;

parties interested WIRTSCH Interessenten;

the parties concerned die Beteiligten

7. umg Kerl m

8. SPORT Aufgebot n:

provisional party vorläufiges Aufgebot

B adj

1. Partei…:

party discipline (member, spirit, etc);

party adherent ( oder follower) Parteianhänger(in);

party card Parteibuch n;

party chairman (chairwoman) Parteivorsitzende(r) m (Parteivorsitzende f);

party doctrine ( oder program[me]) Parteiprogramm n;

party headquarters pl (oft als sg konstruiert) Parteizentrale f;

party machine Parteiapparat m, -maschinerie f;

party man Parteimann m, -gänger m

2. Party…:

party game Gesellschaftsspiel n (besonders für Kinder);

party girl Partygirl n, -mädchen n;

party pooper umg Muffel m

3. Heraldik: in gleiche Teile geteilt

* * *

noun

1) (group united in a cause etc.; Polit., Law) Partei, die; attrib. Partei[apparat, -versammlung, -mitglied, -politik, -politiker usw.]

opposing party — Gegenpartei, die

2) (group) Gruppe, die

a party of tourists — eine Touristengruppe

3) (social gathering) Party, die; Fete, die (ugs.); (more formal) Gesellschaft, die

office party — Betriebsfest, das

throw a party — (coll.) eine Party schmeißen (ugs.)

4) (participant) Beteiligte, der/die

be [a] party in or to something — sich an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen

parties to an agreement/a dispute — Parteien bei einem Abkommen/streitende Parteien; see also third party

* * *

n.

Feier -n f.

Fest -e n.

Gesellschaft f.

Partei -en f.

Partie -n f.

Party -s f.

English-german dictionary > party
7 party

plural - parties; noun

1) (a meeting of guests for entertainment, celebration etc: a birthday party; She's giving/having a party tonight; ( also adjective) a party dress.) fest, selskap, lag

2) (a group of people with a particular purpose: a party of tourists.) gruppe

3) (a group of people with the same ideas and purposes, especially political: a political party.) parti

part
--------
parti
--------
selskap

I
subst. \/ˈpɑːtɪ\/

1) ( spesielt politikk) parti, parti-

• he is a member of his party

han er en partikollega av ham

2) partidannelse, partisystem

3) gruppe, lag, mannskap, deltaker

4) ( militærvesen) kommando, parti

5) ( militærvesen) patrulje, avdeling, detasjement

6) selskap, fest, party

• it was a wild party last night

det var en vill fest i går

• I can't make it to the garden party

jeg kan (dessverre) ikke komme til hageselskapet

7) ( spesielt jus) part

8) deleier

9) interessent (deltaker i et foretak), kontrahent (parti i en avtale eller kontrakt), deltaker

10) (hverdagslig, spøkefullt) figur, fyr, fysak, kar, menneske, type

• he is a queer party

han er en raring \/ han er en merkelig skrue

be a party to something ( jus) være part i, opptre som part

• he didn't know that she had been party to\/in the case

han visste ikke at hun hadde vært part i saken

• it was the first time Bertha was party to an action

det var første gang Bertha opptrådde som part i en rettssak

være med på, være delaktig i, delta i

• I won't be a party to that affair

det (der) vil jeg ikke være med på \/ det (der) vil jeg ikke ha noe med å gjøre

be at a party være på fest, være i et selskap

be one of a party eller make one of the party være med i et selskap delta, være med i gjengen

come to the party komme på festen gi en hjelpende hånd, komme til unnsetning

give a party eller throw a party holde selskap, arrangere fest

go to a party gå på fest, gå bort

the guilty party den skyldige

keep the party clean holde det hele på et anstendig nivå, opptre dannet

make someone party to gjøre noen delaktig i

make up a party slå seg sammen, få sammen en gjeng (for å ha det hyggelig og more seg)

party dress selskapskjole

party image partiets image, partiets ansikt (utad)

the party is over ( hverdagslig) nå går det mot tøffere tider nå er det slutt på moroa

party member partimedlem

party to deltaker i medskyldig i
II
verb \/ˈpɑːtɪ\/

(spesielt amer., hverdagslig) feste

party on feste videre, holde koken, delta på nachspiel

English-Norwegian dictionary > party
8 party

I 1. ['pɑːtɪ]
nome

1) (social event) festa f.; (in evening) soirée f.; (formal) ricevimento m.

birthday party — festa di compleanno

to give o have a party — dare o organizzare una festa

2) (group) gruppo m.; mil. distaccamento m., reparto m.

a party of tourists — una comitiva di turisti

rescue party — squadra di soccorso

3) pol. partito m.

the Party — il Partito (Comunista)

4) dir. (individual, group) parte f.

to be a party to a contract — essere parte contraente di o firmare un contratto

5) form. (participant)

to be a party to — essere complice di [ crime]
2.
modificatore

1) [ spirit] di festa; [ game] di società

2) pol. [member, policy] di, del partito
II ['pɑːtɪ]
verbo intransitivo colloq. fare festa, divertirsi

* * *

plural - parties; noun

1) (a meeting of guests for entertainment, celebration etc: a birthday party; She's giving/having a party tonight; ( also adjective) a party dress.) festa, party

2) (a group of people with a particular purpose: a party of tourists.) gruppo, comitiva

3) (a group of people with the same ideas and purposes, especially political: a political party.) partito

* * *
I 1. ['pɑːtɪ]
nome

1) (social event) festa f.; (in evening) soirée f.; (formal) ricevimento m.

birthday party — festa di compleanno

to give o have a party — dare o organizzare una festa

2) (group) gruppo m.; mil. distaccamento m., reparto m.

a party of tourists — una comitiva di turisti

rescue party — squadra di soccorso

3) pol. partito m.

the Party — il Partito (Comunista)

4) dir. (individual, group) parte f.

to be a party to a contract — essere parte contraente di o firmare un contratto

5) form. (participant)

to be a party to — essere complice di [ crime]
2.
modificatore

1) [ spirit] di festa; [ game] di società

2) pol. [member, policy] di, del partito
II ['pɑːtɪ]
verbo intransitivo colloq. fare festa, divertirsi

English-Italian dictionary > party
9 member

'membə
noun

1) (a person who belongs to a group, club, society, trade union etc: The association has three thousand members.) miembro, socio, afiliado

2) (short for Member of Parliament. M.P)

•

- membership

member n

1. miembro

a member of an organization un miembro de una organización

2. socio

are you a member of the club? ¿eres socio del club?

member

tr['membə^SMALLr/SMALL]

noun

1 (gen) miembro nombre masulino o femenino; (of club) socio,-a; (of union, party) afiliado,-a

■ the youngest member of the family el miembro más joven de la familia

■ an active member of the Labour Party un militante del partido laborista

■ are you a member of any clubs? ¿eres socio de algún club?

2 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (of Parliament) diputado,-a; (of European Parliament) eurodiputado,-a

3 SMALLANATOMY/SMALL miembro

4 SMALLARCHITECTURE/SMALL viga

adjective

1 (country, state) miembro,-a

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

members only sólo para socios,-as

member of staff (gen) empleado,-a 2 (teacher) profesor,-ra

member of the public ciudadano,-a

■ the gardens are closed to members of the public los jardines están cerrados al público

member ['mɛmbər] n

1) limb: miembro m

2) : miembro m (de un grupo); socio m, -cia f (de un club)

3) part: miembro m, parte f

member

n.

• diputado s.m.

• elemento s.m.

• miembro s.m.

• socio s.m.

'membər, 'membə(r)
noun

1) (of committee, board) miembro mf; ( of club) socio, -cia m,f; ( of church) feligrés, -gresa m,f

member of staff — empleado, -da m,f

he's a member of the union — está afiliado al sindicato

a member of the House of Representatives — un diputado, un miembro de la Cámara de Representantes or Diputados

the member for Rye — ( in UK) el diputado por Rye

a member of the audience — un espectador, un asistente

the offer is open to any member of the public — la oferta está abierta al público en general

Spain is a member of the EC — España es miembro de la CE; (before n)

member states — países mpl miembros

2) ( limb) (arch) miembro m

['membǝ(r)]
1. N

1) [of organization, committee] miembro mf ; [of society, club] miembro mf, socio(-a) m / f ; [of political party, trade union] miembro mf, afiliado(-a) m / f

members only — solo para socios, reservado para los socios

the member for Woodford — el diputado por Woodford

if any member of the audience... — si cualquiera de los espectadores..., si cualquier miembro del público...

she's a member of our church — es una feligresa or es miembro de nuestra iglesia

• member of Congress — (US) miembro mf del Congreso

• member of the crew, crew member — tripulante mf

• a member of the family, a family member — un miembro de la familia

• full member — miembro mf de pleno derecho

• Member of Parliament — (Brit) diputado(-a) m / f, parlamentario(-a) m / f

Member of the European Parliament — diputado(-a) m / f del Parlamento Europeo, eurodiputado(-a) m / f

• a member of the public — un ciudadano/una ciudadana

the library is open to members of the public — la biblioteca está abierta al público

• member of staff — [of firm] empleado(-a) m / f ; (Univ, Scol) miembro mf del profesorado
private 3.
See:

see cultural note BY-ELECTION in by-election

2) (Anat, Bot, Math) miembro m ; male 3.

2.

CPD

member country N — país m miembro

member state N — estado m miembro

* * *
['membər, 'membə(r)]
noun

1) (of committee, board) miembro mf; ( of club) socio, -cia m,f; ( of church) feligrés, -gresa m,f

member of staff — empleado, -da m,f

he's a member of the union — está afiliado al sindicato

a member of the House of Representatives — un diputado, un miembro de la Cámara de Representantes or Diputados

the member for Rye — ( in UK) el diputado por Rye

a member of the audience — un espectador, un asistente

the offer is open to any member of the public — la oferta está abierta al público en general

Spain is a member of the EC — España es miembro de la CE; (before n)

member states — países mpl miembros

2) ( limb) (arch) miembro m

English-spanish dictionary > member
10 party

̈ɪˈpɑ:tɪ
1. сущ.
1) а) сторона в сражении, споре, противоборстве, противостоянии б) юр. сторона в) политическая партия to establish, form a party ≈ основать, организовать партию to break up, disband, dissolve a party ≈ распустить партию the party in power ≈ правящая партия political party ≈ политическая партия progressive party ≈ прогрессивная партия reactionary party ≈ реакционная партия centrist party conservative party labor party left-wing party liberal party majority party minority party radical party right-wing party ruling party spoiler party г) участник, юр. соучастник;
одно из двух лиц, говорящих по телефону;
шутл. особа, субъект, человек (своего рода местоимение) an old party with spectacles ≈ старикашка в очках be a party to smth. Syn: participator, accessory
2) а) отряд, команда, группа, партия ( в различных значениях, в частности, воен.) ;
воен. сл. боевая операция advance party б) свита, сопровождающие лица в) компания( группа людей) ;
прием гостей, званый вечер, вечеринка, тусовка at a party ≈ на вечеринке to arrange, give, have, throw a party for ≈ устраивать, давать прием для, устраивать вечеринку, собирать тусовку to host a party for ≈ быть хозяином вечера, устраивать вечер для to attend a party ≈ присутствовать на вечеринке to crash a party ≈ явиться без приглашения birthday party ≈ день рождения a party breaks up ≈ вечеринка заканчивается the party is over ≈ баста, карапузики, кончилися танцы The party broke up at midnight. ≈ Вечеринка закончилась в полночь. We had a good time at the party. ≈ Мы хорошо провели время на вечеринке. Christmas party cocktail party dinner party farewell party garden party going-away party New Year's Eve party pajamas party slumber party singles party stag party surprise party tea party Syn: celebration ∙ party girl
2. прил.
1) геральдика разделенный на какое-л. число частей каким-л. образом (о геральдическом щите)
2) относящийся к party
1. в одном из значений
3) партийный, относящийся к политической партии party affiliation party card party leader - party man - party member party membership party organization party local party unit party nucleus партия - the socialist * социалистическая партия - local * местная низовая партийная организация - a ruling * правящая партия - an opposition * партия в оппозиции - to rally a * сплотить партию - to join a * вступить в партию - to belong to a * принадлежать к какой-либо партии, быть членом какой-либо партии партийный - * affiliation партийность, принадлежность к партии - * card партийный билет - * dues партийные взносы - * leader лидер (вождь) партии - * organization партийная организация - * warfare борьба партий, война между партиями отряд, команда;
группа, партия - climbing * отряд альпинистов - surveying * изыскательская партия - rescue * спасательный отряд - searching * поисковая партия - storming * штурмовой отряд - working * рабочая группа (комиссии, конференции) - to be one of the * быть членом отряда - to form (to orhanize) a * создать( организовать) группу, отряд - our tour ended and the * disbanded наш поход закончился, и группа распалась компания - a small * маленькая компания - he had a * of friends at his home у него дома собралась компания друзей - the * did not break up until two in the morning гости разошлись только к двум часам ночи - we shall be a small * у нас будут все свои, у нас будет немного народу прием гостей;
вечер, вечеринка;
пикник;
прогулка в компании - costume * карнавал - dinner * обед - fishing * рыбалка - farewell * прощальный вечер - pleasure * увеселительная прогулка - moonshine * увеселительная прогулка при луне - the * was very stiff and formal вечер прошел чопорно и официально - the luncheon * included five guests на завтраке было пятеро гостей - to go to a * пойти на вечер - to give a * позвать гостей;
устроить вечер;
принимать гостей - to make up a * собрать гостей, устроить вечер - to be asked to a * быть приглашенным в гости - the * ended up with a dance вечер закончился танцами сопровождающие лица, свита - the president and his * президент и сопровождающие его лица (to) участник, участвующее лицо - to be a * to smth. принимать участие в чем-либо - he was a * to all their proceedings он принимал участие во всех их делах - sixty countries are now parties to the treaty 60 стран уже подписали этот договор - the defendant was a * to the making of the codicil обвиняемый принимал участие в составлении дополнительного распоряжения к завещанию - to be a * to a crime быть соучастником преступления - to be a * to an undertaking участвовать в (каком-либо) предприятии - to be no * to smth. не принимать участия в чем-либо - I shall never be a * to any such thing я никогда не приму участия в таком деле( разговорное) особа;
человек - a pious * набожная особа - a rich old * богатый старик - a * of the name of Jones один тип по фамилии Джоунс - he is a worthy * in a conversation он достойный собеседник (американизм) (студенческое) (жаргон) доступная девушка (юридическое) сторона - * to an action at law сторона в процессе - adverse * противная сторона (в процессе) - the injured * пострадавшая сторона - contracting * контрагент - contracting parties, the parties to a contract договаривающиеся стороны - the High Contracting Parties( дипломатическое) Высокие Договаривающиеся Стороны - the parties concerned, interested parties заинтересованные стороны - belligerent * воюющая сторона( американизм) (студенческое) (жаргон) обнимание, нежничание;
вечеринка с поцелуями > cold-meat * (американизм) (сленг) похороны > necktie * (американизм) (сленг) линчевание( геральдика) разделенный сверху донизу на две равные части - * per pale разделенный вертикальной линией adverse ~ противная сторона aggrieved ~ потерпевшая сторона ~ шутл. человек, особа, субъект;
an old party with spectacles старикашка в очках;
party girl доступная девушка;
женщина легкого поведения attaching ~ действительная сторона average ~ сторона, понесшая убытки ~ участник;
to be a party (to smth.) участвовать, принимать участие (в чем-л.) be a ~ to принимать участие central board of ~ центральный орган партии centre ~ партия центра charter ~ договор о фрахтовании судна charter ~ чартер-партия conducted ~ попутчики conducted ~ спутники party: contestant ~ спорящая сторона contracting ~ договаривающаясч сторона contracting ~ договаривающаяся сторона contracting ~ участник договора country ~ аграрная партия damaging ~ сторона, наносящая ущерб declaring ~ заявляющая сторона defendant ~ сторона обвиняемого defendant ~ сторона ответчика direct ~ выставившая сторона ~ прием гостей;
званый вечер, вечеринка;
to give a party устроить вечеринку governing ~ правящая партия government ~ правительственная партия injured ~ пострадавшая сторона injured ~ сторона, понесшая ущерб insured ~ застрахованная сторона interested ~ заинтересованная сторона interim working ~ временная рабочая группа intervening ~ вмешивающаяся сторона joint ~ соучастник joint working ~ совместная рабочая группа party: left-wing ~ левая партия majority ~ партия большинства ~ сопровождающие лица;
the minister and his party министр и сопровождающие его лица minority ~ партия меньшинства nonsocialist ~ буржуазная партия obligated ~ обязавшаяся сторона opposing ~ противная сторона opposition ~ оппозиционная партия parliamentary ~ парламентская партия ~ юр. сторона;
the parties to a contract договаривающиеся стороны party группа ~ компания ~ отряд, команда;
группа, партия ~ партийный;
party affiliation партийная принадлежность;
party card партийный билет ~ партийный ~ партия;
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза ~ партия ~ прием гостей;
званый вечер, вечеринка;
to give a party устроить вечеринку ~ сопровождающие лица;
the minister and his party министр и сопровождающие его лица ~ юр. сторона;
the parties to a contract договаривающиеся стороны ~ сторона, участник (договора) ;
партия, отряд, команда, группа, компания, прием (гостей), вечеринка, пирушка, сопровождающие лица ~ сторона (по делу, в договоре и т.п.) ~ сторона ~ участник;
to be a party (to smth.) участвовать, принимать участие (в чем-л.) ~ участник ~ шутл. человек, особа, субъект;
an old party with spectacles старикашка в очках;
party girl доступная девушка;
женщина легкого поведения Party: Party: Conservative ~ Консервативная партия (Великобритания) party: party: contestant ~ спорящая сторона Party: Party: Labour ~ лейбористская партия party: party: left-wing ~ левая партия Party: Party: Social Democratic ~ Социал-демократическая партия (Великобритания) party: party: splinter ~ отколовшаяся партия ~ партийный;
party affiliation партийная принадлежность;
party card партийный билет ~ шутл. человек, особа, субъект;
an old party with spectacles старикашка в очках;
party girl доступная девушка;
женщина легкого поведения ~ in office правящая партия ~ in power правящая партия power: ~ могущество, власть (тж. государственная) ;
влияние, мощь;
supreme power верховная власть;
the party in power партия, стоящая у власти ~ local (или unit) местная, низовая партийная организация;
party nucleus партийная ячейка ~ leader вождь, лидер партии;
party man (или member) член партии ~ membership партийность, принадлежность к партии;
party organization партийная организация ~ local (или unit) местная, низовая партийная организация;
party nucleus партийная ячейка ~ to action сторона в судебном процессе ~ to bill сторона торгового контакта ~ to case сторона в судебном процессе ~ to contract договаривающаяся сторона ~ to contract контрагент ~ to joint transaction сторона в совместной сделке right-wing ~ пол. правая партия rival ~ соперничающая партия single-tax ~ сторона, выступающая за единый налог party: splinter ~ отколовшаяся партия submitting ~ сторона-заявитель succeeding ~ наследник tendering ~ сторона, подавшая заявку на торгах third ~ третье лицо third ~ третья сторона working ~ рабочая группа

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > party
11 party

/'pɑ:ti/ * danh từ - đảng !the Communist Party - đảng Cộng sản =a political party+ một chính đảng - sự đứng về phe (trong vấn đề chính trị); sự trung thành với phe đảng - (định ngữ) (thuộc) đảng, có tính chất đảng phái =party card+ thẻ đảng =party dues+ đảng phí =party member+ đảng viên =party organization+ tổ chức đảng =party local+ trụ sở đảng =party nucleus+ nòng cốt của đảng =party spirit+ tính đảng; óc đảng phái * danh từ - tiệc, buổi liên hoan - những người cùng đi =the minister anf his party+ bộ trưởng và những người cùng đi - toán, đội, nhóm =landing party+ đội đổ bộ - (pháp lý) bên =the contracting parties+ các bên ký kết - người tham gia, người tham dự =to be a party to something+ thằng cha, lão, anh chàng, gã, con bé, mụ... =an old party with spectales+ lâo đeo kính =a coquettish party+ con bé làm đỏm

English-Vietnamese dictionary > party
12 member ***** mem·ber n

['mɛmbə(r)]
(gen) membro, (of club) socio (-a), iscritto (-a), (of political party) iscritto (-a)

a member of NATO — un membro della NATO

she's like a member of the family — è come una di famiglia

"members only" — "riservato ai soci"

member of staff Scol Univ — insegnante m/f

a member of the staff — (gen) un (-a) dipendente m/f

member of the public — privato (-a) cittadino (-a)

English-Italian dictionary > member ***** mem·ber n
13 party

party [ˈpα:tɪ]

1. noun

   a. (political) parti m

   b. ( = group of travellers) groupe m

   c. ( = celebration) fête f ; (in the evening) soirée f ; (formal) réception f

• to have a party organiser une fête

• birthday party fête f d'anniversaire

   d. (legal) partie f

• all parties concerned toutes les parties concernées

• to be party to a crime être complice d'un crime

2. adjective

[politics, leader] de parti, du parti

3. intransitive verb

(inf) faire la fête

• let's party! faisons la fête !

• I'm not a great one for partying je ne suis pas fêtard (e) (inf)

4. compounds

► party animal (inf) noun fêtard (e) (inf) m(f)

► party line noun (Politics) ligne f du parti

• to toe the party line suivre la ligne du parti ► party piece (inf) noun

• to do one's party piece faire son numéro (inf) ► party political adjective

• party political broadcast émission réservée à un parti politique ► party politics noun politique f de parti ; (pejorative) politique f politicienne

► party pooper (inf) noun rabat-joie m inv

► party spirit noun (Politics) esprit m de parti ; ( = gaiety) entrain m

* * *
['pɑːtɪ] 1.
noun

1) ( social event) fête f; ( in evening) soirée f; ( formal) réception f

birthday party — (fête d')anniversaire m

children's party — goûter m d'enfants

leaving party — pot m de départ

2) ( group) groupe m; Military détachement m

rescue party — équipe f de secouristes

3) Politics parti m

4) Law (individual, group) partie f

5) sout

to be a party to — être complice de
2.
noun modifier

1) [ spirit] de fête; [ game] de société

2) Politics [member, policy] du parti
3.
(colloq) intransitive verb faire la fête

English-French dictionary > party
14 party

партия имя существительное:
партия (part, party, game, batch, lot, match)

участник (party, participant, member, partner, participator, partaker)

сторона (side, party, hand, way, aspect, part)

вечеринка (party, reception, evening, soiree, social, entertainment)

группа (group, party, bunch, class, series, batch)

отряд (detachment, squad, troop, party, band, order)

компания (company, party, partnership, bunch, gang, outfit)

субъект (subject, person, party, specimen, bozo, merchant)

званый вечер (party, soiree, entertainment)

команда (team, command, instruction, crew, squad, party)

прием гостей (party, setout, do, at-home)

особа (individual, person, personage, party, worthy)

соучастник (partner, accomplice, accessory, accessary, party, associate)

человек (Man, person, human, individual, human being, party)

сопровождающие лица (entourage, party)
имя прилагательное:
партийный (party, political)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > party
15 belong

bi'loŋ
verb

1) ((with to) to be the property of: This book belongs to me.) pertenecer, ser propiedad (de)

2) ((with to) to be a native, member etc of: I belong to the sailing club.) ser miembro, formar parte de

3) ((with with) to go together with: This shoe belongs with that shoe.) ir con

•

- belongings

belong vb

1. pertenecer / ser de

the house belongs to my father la casa pertenece a mi padre

does this scarf belong to you? ¿es tuya esta bufanda?

2. ser socio / ser miembro

do you belong to any clubs? ¿eres socio de algún club?

belong

tr[bɪ'lɒŋ]

intransitive verb

1 pertenecer (to, a), ser (to, de)

■ the house belongs to both of us la casa nos pertenece a los dos

■ this book belongs to him este libro es de él

2 (be a member of a club) ser socio,-a (to, de); (be a member of political party) ser miembro (to, de)

3 (have suitable qualities) ser apto,-a (in, para)

■ he doesn't belong in this job no es apto para este trabajo

4 (fit specific environment) estar en su ambiente natural

5 (be correctly placed) estar en su sitio, deber colocarse en

■ these files don't belong here estos archivos no están en su sitio aquí

■ these books belong on that shelf estos libros deben colocarse en aquel estante

belong [bɪ'lɔŋ] vi

1) : pertenecer (a), ser propiedad (de)

it belongs to her: pertenece a ella, es suyo, es de ella

2) : ser parte (de), ser miembro (de)

he belongs to the club: es miembro del club

3) : deber estar, ir

your coat belongs in the closet: tu abrigo va en el ropero

belong

v.

• competer v.

• corresponder v.

• pertenecer v.

bɪ'lɔːŋ, bɪ'lɒŋ
intransitive verb

1)

a) ( be property)

to belong to somebody — ser* de alguien, pertenecerle* a alguien

it belongs to her — es suyo, es de ella, le pertenece (a ella)

does this belong to you? — ¿esto es tuyo?

who does that car belong to? — ¿de quién es ese coche?

b) ( be member)

to belong to something — \<\<to a club\>\> ser* socio de algo; \<\<to a union/political party\>\> estar* afiliado a algo

c) ( be part)

to belong to something — ser* de algo, pertenecer* a algo

2)

a) ( have as usual place) ir*

that jug belongs in the cupboard — esa jarra va en el armario

put them back where they belong — vuélvelos a poner en su lugar

b) ( in category) pertenecer*

it belongs to the reptile family — pertenece a la familia de los reptiles

c) ( be suitable)

we belong together — estamos hechos el uno para el otro

d) ( socially)

I don't feel I belong here — no me siento a gusto aquí

[bɪ'lɒŋ]
VI
1) (=be possession)

to belong to sb — pertenecer a algn

who does this belong to? — ¿a quién pertenece esto?, ¿de quién es esto?

the house/the book doesn't belong to you — la casa/el libro no te pertenece

the land belongs to him — la tierra es de su propiedad, la tierra le pertenece

2) (=be product) ser

the handwriting belongs to a male — la letra es de hombre

3) (=be member)

I used to belong to the Labour Party — estuve afiliado a or fui miembro del partido laborista

do you belong to a church? — ¿perteneces a alguna iglesia?

to belong to a club — ser socio de un club

4) (=be appropriate)

we truly belong together — estamos verdaderamente hechos el uno para el otro

those ideas belong in the middle ages — esas ideas son de la edad media

the future belongs to technology — el futuro está en manos de la tecnología

5) (=fit in)

I feel I belong here — aquí me siento en casa

he feels the need to belong — siente la necesidad de ser parte de algún grupo

I don't belong here — este no es mi sitio

6) (=have rightful place)

it belongs on the shelf — va en el estante

your toys don't belong in the living room — el sitio de tus juguetes no es el salón, tus juguetes no deberían estar en el salón

go back home where you belong — vuelve a casa, que es donde está tu sitio

7) (=be part) ser

that top belongs to this bottle — ese tapón es el de esta botella

it belongs to the rodent family — pertenece a or es de la familia de los roedores

Henry and I belong to different generations — Henry y yo pertenecemos a distintas generaciones or somos de dos generaciones diferentes

* * *
[bɪ'lɔːŋ, bɪ'lɒŋ]
intransitive verb

1)

a) ( be property)

to belong to somebody — ser* de alguien, pertenecerle* a alguien

it belongs to her — es suyo, es de ella, le pertenece (a ella)

does this belong to you? — ¿esto es tuyo?

who does that car belong to? — ¿de quién es ese coche?

b) ( be member)

to belong to something — \<\<to a club\>\> ser* socio de algo; \<\<to a union/political party\>\> estar* afiliado a algo

c) ( be part)

to belong to something — ser* de algo, pertenecer* a algo

2)

a) ( have as usual place) ir*

that jug belongs in the cupboard — esa jarra va en el armario

put them back where they belong — vuélvelos a poner en su lugar

b) ( in category) pertenecer*

it belongs to the reptile family — pertenece a la familia de los reptiles

c) ( be suitable)

we belong together — estamos hechos el uno para el otro

d) ( socially)

I don't feel I belong here — no me siento a gusto aquí

English-spanish dictionary > belong
16 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
17 militar

adj.

military.

Aquí hay actividad militar Here we have military activity.

f. & m.

1 soldier.

los militares the military

2 army officer, military man.

Los militares están en descanso The army officers are at ease.

v.

1 to be active.

2 to serve in the army.

El chico alto militó The tall boy served in the army.

3 to be politically active.

Los estudiantes militan The students are politically active.

* * *

militar

► adjetivo

1 military

► nombre masculino

1 military man, soldier

■ los militares the armed forces

► verbo intransitivo

1 MILITAR to serve

2 PLÍTICA (ser miembro) to be an active member; (ser activista) to be a militant, be an activist

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

tribunal militar military court

* * *
1. adj.
military
2. noun mf.
soldier

* * *

1.

ADJ military

ciencia militar — art of war

2.

SM (=soldado) soldier, military man; [en la mili] serviceman

los militares — the military

3. VI

1) (Mil) to serve ( in the army)

2) (Pol)

militar en un partido — to be a member of a party

* * *
I
adjetivo military
II
masculino y femenino soldier, military man

los militares — the military

- militar de carrera
III
verbo intransitivo to be politically active

militar en un partido político — to be an active member of a political party

* * *
I
adjetivo military
II
masculino y femenino soldier, military man

los militares — the military

- militar de carrera
III
verbo intransitivo to be politically active

militar en un partido político — to be an active member of a political party

* * *

militar¹

¹ = serviceman [servicemen, -pl.], serviceperson.

Ex: Personal readers' guidance was provided to World War I servicemen.

Ex: Soaked to the skin in the pelting rain of a tropical storm, they said that guarding the tomb was the highest honor that can be afforded to a serviceperson.

* hijo de militares = military brat.

* militares, los = military, the.

militar²

² = military, martial.

Ex: A plan is a drawing showing relative positions on a horizontal plane, e.g., relative positions of part of a building, a landscape design, a graphic presentation of a military o naval plan, etc.

Ex: The article begins by illustrating the martial dimensions of the bodybuilder's body.

* academia militar = military academy.

* accesorios militares = militaria.

* acción militar = military action.

* actuación militar = military action.

* aficionado a todo lo militar = military buff.

* al estilo militar = military-style.

* amante de lo militar = military buff.

* amenaza militar = military threat.

* armamento militar = military hardware.

* arquitectura militar = military architecture.

* base militar = military base.

* brazo militar = military arm.

* campaña militar = military campaign.

* ciencia militar = military science.

* comandante militar = military commander.

* condecoración militar = Legion of Merit.

* conflicto militar = military conflict.

* cuartel militar = army barracks.

* desfile militar = military parade, military tattoo.

* despliegue militar = military deployment.

* dictadura militar = military dictatorship.

* estrategia militar = military strategy.

* fuerza militar = military forces.

* funeral militar = military funeral.

* gasto militar = military expenditure.

* historiador militar = military historian.

* hospital militar = military hospital.

* ingeniero militar = military engineer.

* intervención militar = military intervention, military action.

* jefe militar = army official, army officer.

* junta militar = military junta, junta.

* líder militar = military leader.

* mando militar = military command.

* medicina militar = military medicine.

* mujer militar = servicewoman.

* música militar = martial music.

* observación militar = surveillance.

* ofensiva militar = military offensive.

* operación militar = military operation.

* paseo militar = plain sailing, walkover.

* pelado a lo militar = crewcut [crew-cut].

* personal militar = military personnel.

* poderío militar = military power.

* policía militar = military police.

* prisión militar = military prison.

* propiedad militar = military property.

* protección militar = military protection.

* reclutamiento militar = military draft.

* régimen militar = military regime.

* representante militar = army official, army officer.

* satélite militar = surveillance satellite.

* secreto militar = military secret.

* servicio militar = military service.

* servicio militar obligatorio = compulsory military service, draft, the, military draft.

* silo militar = missile silo.

* soldado militar = military soldier.

* tribunal militar = military tribunal.

militar³ contra

³ = militate against.

Ex: Local interpretations of the rules, and modifications to suit local circumstances, certainly militate against standard records.

* * *

militar¹

adjective

military

militar²

masculine and feminine

soldier, military man

los militares the military

Compuesto:

militar de carrera

career soldier

militar³ [A1 ]

vi

to be politically active

militar en un partido político to be an active member of a political party

era de izquierda, pero nunca militó he was left-wing, but never politically active

* * *

militar 1 adjetivo
military
■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
soldier, military man;
◊ los militares the military

militar 2 ( conjugate militar) verbo intransitivo
to be politically active;
militar en un partido político to be an active member of a political party
militar
I adjetivo military
el presupuesto militar, the defense budget
II sustantivo masculino soldier
unos bandidos vestidos de militares..., some bandits dressed as soldiers...
III vi Pol (ser miembro de) to be a member: milita en las juventudes pacifistas, she's a member of the young pacifists group

' militar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aviación
- aviador
- aviadora
- cartilla
- control
- exenta
- exento
- intervención
- juventud
- milicia
- oprimir
- paisana
- paisano
- PM
- rango
- servicio
- sublevarse
- superior
- zona
- aeronáutica
- apto
- base
- capote
- centinela
- charanga
- civil
- colonia
- comando
- cumplir
- destinado
- destinar
- dispositivo
- escuela
- guardia
- instrucción
- patrullero
- potencia
- prestar
- recluta
- tribunal
English:
civilian
- conscription
- DSO
- excuse
- guardhouse
- military
- serviceman
- soldier
- staff college
- stockade
- tattoo
- junta
- service

* * *

militar¹

♦ adj

military

♦ nmf

soldier;

el general es el segundo militar que asesina el grupo en lo que va de año the general is the second member of the military to be murdered by the group this year;

los militares the military

militar² vi

1. [en partido, sindicato] to be a member (en of);
militó en la izquierda durante su juventud he was an active left-winger in his youth

2. [apoyar]
son muchas circunstancias las que militan a o [m5] en su favor there are many circumstances in his favour;

en o [m5] a su defensa milita que es menor de edad in his defence is the fact that he is a minor

* * *

militar

I adj military

II m/f soldier;

los militares pl the military

III v/i POL

:

militar en be a member of

* * *

militar vi

1) : to serve (in the military)

2) : to be active (in politics)

militar adj

: military

militar nmf

soldado: soldier

* * *

militar¹ adj military

la disciplina militar military discipline

militar² n soldier

ser militar to be in the armed forces

Spanish-English dictionary > militar
18 membership

noun

1) (the state of being a member: membership of the Communist Party.) calidad de socio

2) (a group of members: a society with a large membership.) afiliación

3) (the amount of money paid to a society etc in order to become a member: The membership has increased to $5 this year.) cuota

membership n

1. ingreso / admisión

she applied for membership of the club solicitó su ingreso en el club

membership of the chess club is free ser socio del club de ajedrez es gratis

2. socios

the club has a membership of 500 el club tiene 500 socios

membership

tr['membəʃɪp]

noun

1 (of club - state) calidad nombre femenino de socio,-a, pertenencia; (- entry) ingreso

■ I applied for membership of the club solicité el ingreso en el club

■ membership is only open to people over 30 sólo los mayores de 30 años pueden hacerse socios

2 (of political party, union - state) afiliación nombre femenino; (- entry) ingreso

3 (members - of club) miembros nombre masculino plural, socios nombre masculino plural; (- of political party) afiliados nombre masculino plural

■ membership of our club is on the increase nuestro club cada vez tiene más socios

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

membership card (of club) carnet nombre masculino de socio 2 (of party) carnet nombre masculino de afiliado

membership fee cuota

membership ['mɛmbər.ʃɪp] n

1) : membresía f

application for membership: solicitud de entrada

2) members: membresía f, miembros mpl, socios mpl

membership

n.

• asociación s.f.

• conjunto de miembros s.m.

• cualidad de socio s.f.

• número de socios s.m.

'membərʃɪp, 'membəʃɪp
noun

a) u ( being a member)

membership of the club is restricted to residents — sólo los residentes pueden hacerse socios del club

to apply for membership — solicitar el ingreso or la admisión en un club (or partido etc)

she gave up her party membership — dejó de pertenecer al partido; (before n)

membership card — carné m de socio

membership fee(s) — cuota f (de socio)

b) c ( members) (+ sing or pl vb) socios mpl (or afiliados mpl etc); ( number of members) número m de socios (or afiliados etc)

['membǝʃɪp]
1. N

1) (=members) [of club, society] socios mpl, miembros mpl ; [of political party] miembros mpl, militancia f, afiliados mpl ; [of trade union] afiliados mpl, miembros mpl

2) (=position)

membership carries certain rights — el ser socio or miembro conlleva ciertos derechos

membership of the union is compulsory — es obligatorio afiliarse a or hacerse miembro del sindicato

I've paid for a year's membership — he pagado la cuota anual de socio or miembro

• to apply for membership — solicitar el ingreso como socio or miembro

• Spain's membership of or (US) in the Common Market — (=state) la pertenencia de España al Mercado Común; (=act) el ingreso de España en el Mercado Común

3) (=numbers) número m de miembros or socios etc, membresía f (Mex)

a membership of more than 800 — más de 800 socios or miembros

trade union membership has declined — el número de afiliados a los sindicatos ha disminuido

2.

CPD

membership card N — [of club, society] tarjeta f or carné m de socio; [of political party, trade union] tarjeta f or carné m de afiliación

membership fee N — cuota f de socio

membership list N — relación f de socios

* * *
['membərʃɪp, 'membəʃɪp]
noun

a) u ( being a member)

membership of the club is restricted to residents — sólo los residentes pueden hacerse socios del club

to apply for membership — solicitar el ingreso or la admisión en un club (or partido etc)

she gave up her party membership — dejó de pertenecer al partido; (before n)

membership card — carné m de socio

membership fee(s) — cuota f (de socio)

b) c ( members) (+ sing or pl vb) socios mpl (or afiliados mpl etc); ( number of members) número m de socios (or afiliados etc)

English-spanish dictionary > membership
19 Chronology

15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.

400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.

202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.

137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.

410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.

714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.

1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.

1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.

1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.

1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.

1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).

1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.

1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.

1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.

1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.

1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.

1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.

1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.

1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.

1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.

1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.

1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.

1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.

1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.

1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.

1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.

1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.

1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).

1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.

1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.

1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.

1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.

   King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.

   King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.

1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.

1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.

1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.

   Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.

   Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.

   Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.

1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.

1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.

1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.

1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.

1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.

1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.

1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.

1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.

1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.

1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.

1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.

1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.

1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.

1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.

1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.

1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.

1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.

1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.

1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.

1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.

1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.

1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.

1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.

1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.

1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.

   Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.

   King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.

1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of

   Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.

   Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.

   King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.

1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.

1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.

1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.

1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.

1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.

1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.

   January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.

   Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.

1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.

1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.

1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.

1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.

1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.

   May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.

   March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.

   Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.

1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.

1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January

1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.

1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."

   28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.

   February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.

   April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.

1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.

1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."

1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.

   6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.

   8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.

1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.

1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.

1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

   January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.

1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.

1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.

1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.

   March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.

   March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.

1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July

1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.

1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).

1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.

1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.

   January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.

   January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.

   November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.

   October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.

   January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.

   May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.

   October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.

   January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).

   United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.

   January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.

   1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

   May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.

   June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.

   February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.

   January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.

   July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.

2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology
20 partido

adj.

cut, cleft, split, riven.

m.

1 party.

2 game (Sport).

partido amistoso friendly

un partido de baloncesto/rugby a game of basketball/rugby

3 match.

buen/mal partido good/bad match

4 advantage, profit, gain.

sacar partido de take advantage of...

5 team.

6 hair parting, part, part in one's hair.

7 prospect, prospect for marriage.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: partir.

* * *

partido

► nombre masculino

1 (grupo político) party, group

2 (provecho) profit, advantage

3 DEPORTE (equipo) team; (juego) game, match

■ un partido de rugby a rugby match

————————

partido

► participio pasado

1→ link=partir partir

► adjetivo

1 (dividido) divided

2 (roto) broken, split

► nombre masculino partido

1 (grupo político) party, group

2 (provecho) profit, advantage

3 DEPORTE (equipo) team; (juego) game, match

■ un partido de rugby a rugby match

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

sacar partido de to profit from

ser un buen partido familiar to be a good catch

tomar partido to take sides

tomar partido por alguien to side with somebody

partido amistoso friendly game

partido de exhibición exhibition match

partido de ida first leg

partido de vuelta second leg

partido judicial administrative area

partido político political party

sistema de partidos party system

* * *

noun m.

1) party

2) game, match

3) play

4) tie

•

- sacar partido

* * *

SM

1) (Pol) party

sistema de partido único — one-party system

tomar partido — to take sides

tomar partido por algo/algn — to side with sth/sb

partido de la oposición — opposition party

partido político — political party

Partido Verde — Green Party

2) (Dep) game, match

partido amistoso — friendly (game o match)

partido de casa — home game o match

partido de desempate — replay

partido de dobles — (Tenis) doubles match, game of doubles

partido de exhibición — exhibition game o match

partido de fútbol — football game o match

partido (de) homenaje — benefit game o match

partido de ida — away game o match, first leg

partido de vuelta — return game o match, second leg

partido internacional — international (match)

3) (=provecho)

sacar partido de algo — to make the most of sth

4)

ser un buen partido — [persona] to be a good match

5) (=distrito) district, administrative area

partido judicial — district under the jurisdiction of a local court

6) frm (=apoyo) support

tiene partido entre todas las clases sociales — he has support among all social classes

7) frm

darse a partido, venir(se) a partido — to give way

8) Cono Sur (Naipes) hand

9) And, Caribe (=aparcería) crop share

* * *
I
- da adjetivo

1) < labios> chapped; < barbilla> cleft

2) (Mat)

siete partido por diez — seven over ten

nueve partido por tres da... — nine divided by three gives...
II
masculino

1)

a) ( de fútbol) game, match (BrE); ( de tenis) match

echar un partido — to have a game

un partido de béisbol — a baseball game

b) (AmL) ( partida) game

un partido de ajedrez — a game of chess

- partido amistoso

- partido de desempate

- partido de ida/vuelta

2) (Pol) party

partido político — political party

partido de la oposición — opposition party

un partido de izquierda/centro — a left-wing/center party

sistema de partido único — one-party o single-party system

tomar partido — to take sides

3) ( provecho)

sacar partido de algo — to benefit from something

sacarle partido a algo — to make the most of something

4) ( para casarse)

un buen partido — a good catch

5) ( comarca) administrative area

* * *
I
- da adjetivo

1) < labios> chapped; < barbilla> cleft

2) (Mat)

siete partido por diez — seven over ten

nueve partido por tres da... — nine divided by three gives...
II
masculino

1)

a) ( de fútbol) game, match (BrE); ( de tenis) match

echar un partido — to have a game

un partido de béisbol — a baseball game

b) (AmL) ( partida) game

un partido de ajedrez — a game of chess

- partido amistoso

- partido de desempate

- partido de ida/vuelta

2) (Pol) party

partido político — political party

partido de la oposición — opposition party

un partido de izquierda/centro — a left-wing/center party

sistema de partido único — one-party o single-party system

tomar partido — to take sides

3) ( provecho)

sacar partido de algo — to benefit from something

sacarle partido a algo — to make the most of something

4) ( para casarse)

un buen partido — a good catch

5) ( comarca) administrative area

* * *

partido¹

¹ = party.

Ex: Surely the concept 'Conservative party' appears last in the citation order of this class number.

* aparato del partido = party machinery.

* buen partido = eligible party, eligible bachelor.

* de dos partidos políticos = bipartisan [bi-partisan].

* obtener partido de = capitalise on/upon [capitalize, -USA].

* partido conservador = conservative party.

* partido de derechas = right wing party.

* partido de izquierdas = left-wing party.

* partido de la oposición = opposition party.

* partido disidente = splinter party.

* partido en el gobierno = governing party.

* partido en el poder, el = ruling party, the.

* partido gobernante = governing party.

* Partido Laborista, el = Labour Party, the.

* Partido Liberal Democrático, el = Liberal Democrats, the.

* partido político = political party.

* Partido Socialista Nacional, el = National Socialist Party, the.

* sacar el máximo partido = exploit + full potential, take + full advantage (of), take + the best advantage.

* sacar el máximo partido a = get + the most out of.

* sacar el máximo partido a Algo = reach + the full potential of.

* sacar el máximo partido de = harness + the power of, make + the best of.

* sacar el máximo partido de Algo = make + the most of.

* sacar el mayor partido al dinero de uno = get + the most for + Posesivo + money.

* sacar el mejor partido de = get + the best out of.

* sacar el mejor partido de Algo = make + the best advantage of, make + the best use of, make + the best possible use of.

* sacar el mejor partido posible = get + the best of both worlds, get + the best of all worlds.

* sacarle partido a = make + an opportunity (out) of.

* sacar más partido = get + more for + Posesivo + money.

* sacar mayor partido a = squeeze + more life out of.

* sacar mejor partido = get + more for + Posesivo + money.

* sacar partido = take + advantage (of), exploit + benefits.

* sacar partido a una oportunidad = capitalise on + opportunity.

* sin afiliación a un partido político = non-partisan [nonpartisan].

* tomar partido = take + sides.

* tomar partido por = side with.

* tomar partido por Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.

* un buen partido = a good catch.

partido²

² = sports match, game, match, fixture.

Ex: School events may be regular and seasonal, like Christmas and vacations, or occasional and minor like sports matches.

Ex: A game is a set of materials designed for play according to prescribed rules.

Ex: That was one of the finest matches they ever played.

Ex: New fixtures for the rest of the season have been issued along with some changes in the First Division.

* partido amistoso = friendly match.

* partido de competición = club game.

* partido de fútbol = football game, soccer game, football match.

* partido de ida = away game, first leg.

* partido de liga = league game.

* partido de vuelta = second leg, home game.

* partido entre equipos rivales = local derby.

* partido oficial = official game.

* partido que se juega en casa = home game.

* partido que se juega fuera de casa = away game.

* perder un partido = lose + match.

* resultado de un partido = score.

* tres goles en un mismo partido = hat trick.

partido³

³ = cloven, forked.

Ex: It is a very old belief that the Devil always appears with a cloven foot as a distinguishing mark.

Ex: One theory suggests that the forked section of the hieroglyph represents an animal's legs with the central shaft as the body or elongated neck (like a giraffe).

* con el corazón partido = broken-hearted.

* luchar a brazo partido = fight + tooth and nail.

* pelear a brazo partido = fight + tooth and nail.

* * *

partido¹ -da

adjective

A ‹labios› chapped; ‹barbilla› cleft

B ( Mat):

siete partido por diez seven over ten

este número, partido por tres, nos da el valor de X this number, divided by three, gives us the value of X

partido²

masculine

A

1 (de fútbol) game, match ( BrE)

vamos a echar un partido de tenis let's have a game of tennis

el partido de tenis entre Gómez y Rendall the tennis match between Gómez and Rendall

2 ( AmL) (partida) game

un partido de ajedrez a game of chess

Compuestos:

● partido amistoso

friendly game o match, friendly

● partido de desempate

replay, deciding game

● partido de exhibición

exhibition game o match

● partido de homenaje

benefit game o match, benefit

● partido de ida

first leg

● partido de vuelta

second leg

● partido en casa

home game o ( BrE also) match

● partido fuera de casa

away game o ( BrE also) match

B

1 ( Pol) party

partido político political party

partido de la oposición opposition party

un partido de izquierda(s)/derecha(s)/centro a left-wing/right-wing/center party

sistema de partido único one-party o single-party system

tomar partido to take sides

2 (partidarios) following

su música tiene mucho partido entre la juventud his music has a big following among young people

esta postura tiene mucho partido entre los agricultores this position enjoys wide support among farmers o is widely supported by farmers

Compuesto:

partido bisagra

party holding the balance of power

C

(provecho): le sabe sacar partido a cualquier situación he knows how to make the most of any situation

trata de sacar el mejor partido de tus conocimientos try to make the best use of o try to take full advantage of your knowledge

D

(para casarse): un buen partido a good catch

no pudo encontrar peor partido para casarse she couldn't have found anyone worse to marry

E (comarca) administrative area

Compuesto:

partido judicial

( Esp) administrative area

* * *

Del verbo partir: ( conjugate partir)

partido es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
partido
partir
partido 1
◊ -da adjetivo

1 ‹ labios› chapped;
‹ barbilla› cleft
2 (Mat):
◊ siete partido por diez seven over ten;

nueve partido por tres da … nine divided by three gives …
partido 2 sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( de fútbol) game, match (BrE);

( de tenis) match;
◊ echar un partido to have a game;

un partido de béisbol a baseball game;
partido amistoso friendly game o match;
partido de desempate deciding game, decider;
partido en casa/fuera de casa home/away match
b) (AmL) ( partida) game;

◊ un partido de ajedrez a game of chess

2 (Pol) party;
◊ partido de la oposición opposition party;

tomar partido to take sides
3 ( provecho):
◊ sacar partido de algo to benefit from sth;

sacarle partido a algo to make the most of sth
4 ( para casarse):
◊ un buen partido a good catch

partir ( conjugate partir) verbo transitivo
a) ( con cuchillo) ‹tarta/melón› to cut;

◊ lo partió por la mitad he cut it in half

b) ( romper) ‹piedra/coco› to break, smash;

‹nuez/avellana› to crack;
‹rama/palo› to break
c) ( con golpe) ‹ labio› to split (open);

‹ cabeza› to split open
d) [ frío] ‹ labios› to chap

verbo intransitivo
1
a) (frml) ( marcharse) to leave, depart (frml)

b) [ auto] (Chi) to start

2
a) partido DE algo ‹de una premisa/un supuesto› to start from sth

b)

◊ a partir de from;

a partido de ahora/ese momento from now on/that moment on;
a partido de hoy (as o starting) from today
partirse verbo pronominal
a) [mármol/roca] to split, smash

b) ( refl) ‹ labio› to split;

‹ diente› to break, chip
partido,-a sustantivo masculino
1 Pol party
2 Dep match, game
partido de vuelta, return match
3 (beneficio, oportunidades, jugo) advantage, benefit: sácale partido a la vida, make the most of life 4 ser un buen partido, to be a good catch
♦ Locuciones: tomar partido por, to side with
partir
I verbo transitivo
1 (romper, quebrar) to break: me parte el corazón verte tan desalentada, it's heartbreaking to see you so depressed
partir una nuez, to shell a walnut
2 (dividir) to split, divide
(con un cuchillo) to cut
II vi (irse) to leave, set out o off
♦ Locuciones: a partir de aquí/ahora, from here on/now on
a partir de entonces no volvimos a hablarnos, we didn't speak to each other from then on
' partido' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acabar
- adhesión
- antológica
- antológico
- arrojadiza
- arrojadizo
- bajón
- baño
- barrer
- beneficio
- centenaria
- centenario
- continuismo
- convoy
- correligionaria
- correligionario
- cotización
- cualquiera
- decidir
- depurar
- desempate
- desmembrarse
- despeje
- dirección
- dirigir
- dirigente
- disputada
- disputado
- engranaje
- entrar
- épica
- épico
- ser
- escaño
- europeísta
- fila
- fracturar
- fruto
- ganarse
- grupúsculo
- imperante
- independiente
- izquierda
- izquierdo
- judicial
- laborista
- liberal
- lucha
- mayoría
- mayoritaria
English:
about
- amid
- brain
- brokenhearted
- call off
- cancel
- capital
- cardholder
- centre
- close
- closely
- decider
- derby
- disappoint
- double
- equal
- eventual
- fair
- fixture
- football match
- fortunately
- friendly
- game
- GOP
- grass roots
- heart-broken
- hooligan
- hot up
- international
- job
- join
- kick-off
- labour
- Liberal Party
- line
- machine
- majority
- match
- member
- membership
- minority
- office
- opponent
- opposing
- ostracize
- party line
- pep talk
- play
- profit
- quite

* * *

partido nm

1. [político] party;

partido político political party;

un partido de izquierda(s) a left-wing party;

el partido en el gobierno the ruling party;

un partido de (la) oposición an opposition party

Comp
partido bisagra = minority party holding the balance of power
2. [deportivo] game, Br match;

un partido de baloncesto/rugby a game of basketball/rugby;

un partido de liga/copa a league/cup game o Br match

Comp
partido amistoso friendly;
partido benéfico benefit game o Br match;

partido de clasificación qualifying game o Br match, qualifier;

partido de consolación consolation final;

partido de desempate play-off;

partido de dobles game of doubles, doubles game o Br match;

partido de entrenamiento practice game o Br match;

partido de las estrellas all-star game;

partido de exhibición exhibition game o Br match;

partido (de) homenaje testimonial (game);

partido de ida [en copa] first leg;

partido internacional international, Br international match;

partido de vuelta [en copa] second leg

3. Am [partida] game;

un partido de ajedrez a game of chess

4. [futuro cónyuge]
ser buen/mal partido to be a good/bad match

5. Esp partido judicial = area under the jurisdiction of a court of first instance

6. Comp

sacar partido de, sacarle partido a to make the most of;

tomar partido por [ponerse de parte de] to side with;
[decidir] to decide on;
tomar partido por hacer algo to decide to do sth

* * *

partido

m

1 POL party

2 DEP game;

partido en casa home game

3

:

sacar partido de take advantage of;

tomar partido take sides

* * *

partido nm

1) : (political) party

2) : game, match

partido de futbol: soccer game

3) apoyo: support, following

4) provecho: profit, advantage

sacar partido de: to profit from

* * *

partido n

1. (competición) match

es un partido amistoso it's a friendly match

2. (organización) party

un partido político a political party

sacar partido de algo to make the most of something

partido de ida first leg

partido de vuelta second leg

Spanish-English dictionary > partido

Страницы

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(be a member of political party)

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